![]() Relatively lower rhythmicity in the feeding system may be a consequence of the necessity to prevent tooth breakage and wear, the greater complexity of coordination with tongue movements, and/or a greater emphasis on energy storage in elastic elements rather than the kinetics of limb movement. Higher rhythmicity in the locomotor system corroborates a hypothesis of stronger optimization for energetic efficiency: deviation from the limbs’ natural frequency results in greater variability of center of mass movements and limb inertial changes, and therefore more work by limb muscles. ![]() Accounting for potential confounding variables, our analyses reveal higher rhythmicity of cyclic movements of the limbs than of the jaw. We compared rhythmicity of cyclic jaw and limb movements in feeding and locomotor systems in 261 tetrapod species in a phylogenetic context. If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other biomechanical variables in the feeding and locomotor systems should also reflect these divergent functions. Įvolutionary analyses of joint kinematics and muscle mechanics suggest that, during cyclic behaviors, tetrapod feeding systems are optimized for precise application of forces over small displacements during chewing while locomotor systems are more optimized for large and rapid joint excursions during walking and running. We pre-registered our meta-analysis, with all search protocol, datasets, code, and supplementary made available on the OSF. Study heterogeneity was, Q(XX) = XXX.XX, p =. We found support/no support/mixed support for action-effect in ], support/no support/mixed support for action-effect in ], and support/no support/mixed support for action-effect in ]. In this registered report, we conducted a meta-analysis of the action effect literature (k =, N =, 1982-2021). ![]() Action-effect refers to the phenomenon in which people experience, associate, or attribute stronger emotions for action compared to inaction. ![]()
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